Unit I—Carbohydrates Metabolism

A)   Definition of Carbohydrate, Classification of carbohydrates, Structure of monosaccharides:  glucose, fructose. Structure of disaccharides: maltose, lactose, sucrose. Concept of glycosidic bond, Trisachcharide: raffinose. Homopolysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose.            Heteropolysaccharides: hyluronic acid.

B)   General strategy of metabolism, EMP pathway and its regulation, TCA cycle and its regulation, substrate level phosphorylation, Cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation.

Unit II--- Proteins, Amino acids and Metabolism

A)   Definition of protein, Classification of protein, Biological importance of protein, Protein degradation.

B)   Classification of amino acids, titration curve, acidic, basic and neutral amino acids, peptide bond theory, organizational levels of proteins, concept of  oligomeric protein.

C)   Amino acid breakdown, deamination (alanine, tyrosine, methionine), urea cycle, glucogenesis and ketogenesis.

Unit III---Lipid and Lipid Metabolism

A)  Definition of lipids, Classification of lipids, structure of triglycerides, compound lipids, derived lipids, Biological functions of lipids.

B)   Definition of fatty acid, Beta oxidation, Omega oxidation, alpha oxidation, oxidation of odd number fatty acids, oxidation of branched chain fatty acids.

Unit IV --- Nucleic acid and Metabolism

A)   DNA, RNA and various forms of DNA & RNA, Structure of purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides & nucleotides, Replication of DNA, Modes of replication, general features, rolling circle & knife & fork model.

B)  Nucleotide metabolism, biosynthesis of purine nucleotide & biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides.

Unit V--- Enzymology

A)  General concept,  Definition and nature of enzymes, classification, nomenclature, models of enzyme action, (Lock & key, Induced fit model, Strain model), primary concept of enzyme kinetics, MM equation, modifications of MM equations (LB plot, Eadie hofstee, Hill plot, Hanes woolf plot), activation energy, transition state, ES complex, enzyme activity, katal, specific activity, turn over number, Significance of Km and Vmax.

 B)   Enzyme inhibition and their types, enzyme regulation & their types, allosteric sites, allosteric modulaters, functional diversity such as holoenzyme, apoenzyme, coenzyme, cofactor, prosthetic group, isoenzymes, membrane bound enzymes, multienzyme complex, zymogens.

Unit VI---Vitamins

A)    Classification on the basis of solubility, Water soluble vitamins, structure, function & chemistry of vitamin B1,B2,B12, vitamin C.

B)    fat soluble vitamin: Structure, function & chemistry of vitamin A, D,E & K, Hyper and hypovitaminosis

                                                                          Practicals Semester III (UG-MB (08)-S3-P)

1. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

2. Estimation of carbohydrates by DNS/ anthrone =method.                                

3. Detection of enzymes: amylase, catalase, gelatinase, lipase.

4. Estimation of proteins by Lawrys method.

5. Estimation of DNA.

6. Estimation of RNA.

7. UV absorption of  Nucleic acid.

8. Effect of PH on enzyme activity

9. Effect of temperature on enzyme activity.

10. Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity.

11. Estimation of lipid/cholesterol.

List of Reference Books for Sem III Microbiology:

1. Biochemistry: - Lehninger

2. General Microbiology. Vol 1& II. : - Powar & Daginawala

3. An Introduction to Biochemestry  by Plummer 3 rd Edition ,Tata McGraw –Hill

4. Molecular Biology of the Cell: - J. D. Watson, D. Bray

5 The DNA Story: - J. D. Watson

6 Genetics of Prokaryotes: - Srivastava et.al

7 Genes: - Pramod Kumar

8. Genetic Engineering and its Applications -Joshi P.

9 Gene Transfer and Expreesion a Laboratory Manual: - Michael

Kriegler

10) Concept in biotechnology: - D. Balasubramanium

11. Essential Genetics: - Daniel. Hartl.

12. Nelson D.L and Cox M.M.(2002) Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry, Macmillan Worth Pub.Co.New Delhi.

13. Garett, R.H and Grisham,C.M (2004) biochemistry. 3^rd ed.Brooks/Cole, publishing company,California.

14. Jain J.L,Nitin Jain, Sunjay Jain (1979) Fundamentals of Biochemistry.7^th edition, S.Chand publishers.

15. Satyanarayana U., Chakrapani U.(2014)Biochemistry ,4^th edition.

B.Sc. Semester II (Microbiology) 

Microbial Techniques

This course is for B.Sc. Semester II students who are studying Microbiology as one of the subjects. 

Course Contents:

Unit-I: Microscopy: Principle and Applications

Unit-II: Staining Techniques

Unit-III: Microbial Reproduction and Growth.

Unit-IV: Microbial Control.

Unit-V: Chemical Control Agents

Unit-VI: Microbial interaction

Teachers: 

1. Dr. Mrs. S.S. Khandare

2. Dr. U. A. malode

3. Mr. M.G. Ingale

4. Dr. B.V. Mohite

Unit -1 Bioinstrumentation-I (Principles and applications)

1. Spectroscopy: Laws of absorption, limitations of beer law, UV-Visible spectroscopy and its applications.

2. Centrifugation: Types of centrifuges, analytical and differential centrifugation.

3. Electrophoresis: Principle, agarose gel electrophoresis and SDS- PAGE. 4. Factors affecting electrophoresis mobility

5. Chromatography: Thin layer chromatography,ion exchange,gel filtration

6. Isotope tracer technique: Method and applications. Detection and measurement of stable isotope: Mass spectrometry. Detection and measurement of radioactive isotope: GM counter, scintillation counter

Unit- 2 Applications of Biotechnology

·       Protoplast fusion, application of Agrobacterium tumifaeciens in gene transfer.

·        Production of Biopesticides – Buculo virus

·       Production of Biofertilizers – Rhizobium

·       Oriental Fermented food: Definition and production of soya sauce

·       Genetically modified foods- Definition and concept of golden rice Transgenic plants— Definition and concept of BT Cotton

Unit 3 Health care Biotechnology

·       Production of hormones : Insulin, Production of Interferon

·       Production of vaccines : Conventional vaccines – BCG, Salk, Diptheria Toxoid , ATS, DNA Vaccine, Edible vaccines

·       Hybridoma technology, monoclonal antibody production 5. Gene Therapy.

Unit 4 Tracer techniques

·       Properties and units of radioactivity; half-life;

·       measurement of radioactivity by GM counter, liquid scintillation counter; autoradiography; radioimmunoassay;

·       safety rules in handling of radioisotopes and hazardous chemicals.

Unit 5 Techniques in human gene and chromosome analysis

·       Human karyotype: banding, nomenclature of banding

·       Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

·       Comparative genomic hybridization

·       DNA sequencing (Sanger, NGS): Types and application

Unit 6 Advanced Techniques in Genetics

·       PCR: Principles of PCR: primer design; fidelity of thermostable enzymes; DNA polymerases; types of PCR – multiplex, nested; reverse-transcription PCR, real time PCR, touchdown PCR, hot start PCR, colony PCR, asymmetric PCR, PCR in molecular diagnostics; viral and bacterial detection;

·       DNA Finger Printing: Principle, Methods & Applications

·       Gene Editing: Concept of CRISPR Technology

References

·       Bajpai, P.K. 2006. Biological Instrumentation and methodology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd.

·       K. Wilson and J. Walker Eds. 2005. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Cambridge University Press.

·       K. Wilson andKHGoulding. 1986. Principles and techniques of Practical Biochemistry. (3 edn) Edward Arnold, London.

·       Karp, G. 2010. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 6th Edition. John Wiley& Sons. Inc.

·       De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. 2006. Cell and Molecular Biology. 8th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.

·       Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition. ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.

·       Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. 2009 The World of the Cell.7th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.

This course outline the industrial and applied microbiology topics including fundamentals of Industrial Microbiology, scale up and downstream processing and industrail production of different microbial products. The Applied Microbiology includes air, water and food microbiology with focus on bacteriological analysis of water, waste water treatment and role of microbes in air, soil and food