Unit-I

Epidemiology and host–parasite relationship.

1.      Definitions:

  i.      Signs, symptoms and syndrome of disease, stages of infectious diseases-incubation period, prodromal phase, Invasive phase, decline phase and the period of convalescence, primary infection, secondary infection, acute infection, chronic infection  local andsystemic infection, iatrogenic infection, nosocomial infection, congenital infection, teratogenic infection, fulminating infection, atypical infection, latent infection

ii.      Bacteremia, septicaemia, pyamia, toxemia, Viremia.

iii.      Epidemic, Endemic, Pandemic, Zoonotic, Exotic, prosodemic sporadic deisease.

 2.  Dynamics of disease transmission:

        i.            Causative or etiological agents [list]

      ii.            Sources of reservoir of infection.

Exogenous Human(case and carrier)

Non-living reservoir.

Endogenous infections

    iii.            Portal of exit

    iv.            Mode      of      transmission-Contact,      Vehicle, Vector, Air-borne, transplacental and laboratory/hospital infections.

      v.            Portal of entry.

    vi.            Susceptibility of host.

3.   Control   of communicable diseases: Control of sources,   blocking the channels of transmission, protecting the susceptible host.

Unit-II

      Infectious Microbiology and Normal Flora

1.      Microbial mechanism of Pathogenicity:  pathogenicity  and  virulence, exaltation  and attenuation, MID, MLD, ID 50, LD50.

        i.            Invasiveness:-adherence, capsule, enzymes.

      ii.            Toxigenicity:- Exotoxins and Endotoxins.

2.      Normal flora of healthy human host:

        i.            Definition, origin, significance, Germ free and Gnotobiotic life.

      ii.            Characteristics of normal flora

3.      Infectious microbiology: Microbial diseases of skin, eye, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, urinary, reproductive and nervous systems. (Outline of structure of each system and lists of infectious diseases affecting the particular system).

Unit- III

Study  of  pathogenic  organisms, Morphology,  cultural  characteristics,  biochemical characteristics, pathogenesis, serology, lab diagnosis and disease control

1.      Bacteria

        i.            Salmonella typhi and paratyphi A & B.

      ii.            Spirochetes- Treponema  pallidum

2.      Viruses

        i.            HIV

3.      Protozoa

        i.            Plasmodium  

Disease control

1.      Basic mechanism of action of drugs.

        i.            Bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitor: Penicillin

      ii.            Bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor: Chloramphenicol

    iii.            Bacterial DNA synthesis inhibitor: Nalidixic acid, Floxacin

    iv.            Antimetabolites: Trimethoprime, sulfamethoxazole.

2.      Nonautomated and automated in vitro drug susceptibility testing-Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and e-strip method.

3.      Various mechanisms of development of drug resistance

Unit-IV

Immunity and Non specific defenses

1.      Immunity: Definition and general concept

2.      Haematopoiesis and Cells of immune system

a)      Diagram of Haematopoiesis

b)      General characteristics of

                                i.            B and Tcells,

                              ii.            Monocytes and macrophages,

                            iii.            Neutrophils, Eosinophils and                                                 basophiles.

                            iv.            Mast cells

                              v.            Dendritic cells

                            vi.            Natural Killer cells

3.      Non specific defenses of the host:

a)      Species, race and individual resistance.

b)      Age, sex, hormonal and nutritional influences.

4.      Mechanism of non-specific defenses:

a)      First line of defense – Physical, chemical and                      biological barriers

b)      Second line of defense: 

        i.            Humoral components: Defensins, pattern recognition proteins (PRP) and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), complement, kinins, acute phase reactants.

      ii.            Cellular components: Phagocytic cells – PMNL, macrophages (reticulo-endothelial cell system) and dendritic cells

5.      Functions: Phagocytosis (oxygen dependent and independent systems), Complement activation (General concept), Coagulation system, Inflammation (cardinal signs, mediators, vascular and cellular changes, role of Toll-like receptors)

Unit-V

1.      Antigen:

a)      Concepts and factors affecting immunogenecity

b)      Antigenic determinants, haptens and cross-reactivity, Carriers, Adjuvants 

c)      Types of antigens: Thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens, Synthetic antigens, Soluble and particulate antigens, Autoantigens, Isoantigens, Species specific antigens, Organ specific antigens, Heterophile antigens

2.      Immunoglobulins:

a)      Structure of basic unit, chemical and biological properties

b)      Characteristic of domain structure, functions of light and heavy chain domains

c)      Molecular basis of antibody diversity (kappa chain, lambda chain and heavy chain diversity)

d)     Classes of Immunoglobulins and their functions.

3.      Organs of immune system:

a)      Primary lymphoid organs (Thymus and Bursa): Thymus – structure, thymic education (positive and negative selection), Bone marrow

b)      Secondary lymphoid organs – Structure and function of spleen and lymph node, mucous associated lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system and lymph circulation

Unit- VI

1.      Adaptive / Acquired Immunity (Third line of defense):

a)      Acquired immunity: Active and Passive immunity.

b)      Primary and secondary response and its significance in vaccination programs

c)      Clonal selection and clonal deletion (immunetolerance)

d)     B cell biology, role of cytokines in activation and differentiation of B-cells

2.      Cell Mediated Immune Response

a)      Activation and differentiation of T cells

b)      Mechanism of CTL mediated cytotoxicity,  ADCC

c)      Applications of CMI

3.      T-cell biology

a)      T-cell dependent antibody response. outline

b)      T-cell independent antibody response. outline

c)      Types of T-cells and Cluster of differentiation (CD)

d)     T-cell receptor (TCR)

4.      Major Histocompatibility Complex:

a)      Definition, Structure and functions of MHC class–I and class–II molecules

b)      Antigen presentation, endogenous and exogenous pathways (diagrammatic)

5.      Cytokines

a)      Definition and general characteristics

b)      Types- colony stimulating factor, Interleukins, Tumor necrosis factor